Criminal Justice vs. Community Justice Essay -- Crime Papers

Criminal Justice vs. Community Justice Crime is defined as an act or omission that the law makes punishable. There are different ways in dealing with crime. One, our current system, is the criminal justice approach. Also known as retributive justice, this system is more offender directed than anything else. The other system, which many people think is better, is the community justice, or restorative approach. The restorative approach is much more victim oriented. There is a debate over which system should be used to deal with crime. The two differ in many ways. One of the areas in which the two differ is the question of whom is the crime a violation of? The criminal justice system believes that crimes are a violation against the state and are punished by the state. On the other hand, the community justice system says that crimes are a violation of the offender, and the community directly affected by it. The focus of criminal justice is retribution. It is focused on the offender and punishing that person for their crime by imprisonment and other punishments. The community justice system is focused on restoration. Community Justice looks to help the victim deal with the violation and try to get back whatever, if any, possessions were lost in the crime. The proceedings, in which a resolution is made, are entirely different between the two. At a criminal justice proceeding, the case is tried by a state prosecutor, in front of a judge and decided by a jury. Other than testifying and possibly a victim impact statement, the victim does not have much say in the case. But in a community justice proceeding it is quite the opposite. All parties involved (which include the offender, the victim, both families, any other p... ... community. Church support groups help offenders who are trying to change there life patterns. One of the major advantages of these programs is that offenders leave the corrections system with greater skills than when they entered into it. As, for being more victim oriented, victims have the chance to shape the obligations the offender has to repair the harm. Also, with the many programs for the victim, including the mediation and government support for victims, they do not feel left out of what goes on after the crime. An argument could last forever on which system is better and why. A better way to look at dealing with crime is to look at it not as this system versus that one , but how can we join the two for a better system. Each has attributes that are necessary , and combining them together would be a good start on the question of how to deal with crime.

“I know why the caged bird sings” Essay

After a childhood full of cruelties, disappointments, and being raped at the hands of her mother’s boyfriend, Maya Angelou survived and became the most important civil, human, and Women’s Rights Activist. After her rape she was silent for 5 years, and only through the encouragement of her grandmother did she start to write and act. Her writings won her world acclaim and she was nominated for the National Book Award, a Tony Award and a Pulitzer Prize. She is indisputably one of the most influential women in history. Her poem â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings† shows her grace and skill as a poet, and a humanitarian. â€Å"I know why the caged bird sings† is a six stanza poem. The poem has a very traditional structure. The first two stanzas are triplets, followed by a quatrain, then another triplet, and ends with a quatrain. It has a very simple but effective rhyme scheme. The triplet stanza has a AAB rhyme, and the quatrain stanzas have a AAAB rhyme. This poem is lyrical and intense. The themes presented in this poem are of a freedom and â€Å"triumph over adversity (Arensberg 273)†. In stanza one Angelou describes how birds in the wild have unbound freedom. She writes â€Å"leaps on the back of the wind†¦ dips his wings in the orange sunrays, (lines 1-3)† about the free birds activities. Her words affect the senses, and the reader feels the freedom the birds experience in flight. She brings nature and the outdoor elements to life and the audience is right there at play with the birds. Freedom abounds! In stark contrast, the next stanza snaps the reader back from their dreamlike state. There are a series of very strong words that create a feeling of depression, and claustrophobia. Angelou explains the life of a caged bird. â€Å"narrow cage, bars of rage, and wings clipped. (lines 3-6)† These phrases create a sense of dread and imprisonment. This evokes sympathy for the bird, and thoughts about if we were also imprisoned (Arensberg 280). The reader begins to think what is life unfair and, why that bird? and further, why me? â€Å"But a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams, (line 14)† the poem continues and yet the bird still sings. Angelou comments â€Å" The caged bird still sings with a fearful trill of things unknown but longed for still (lines 17-18)† about the bird who displays the only freedom he has at present, his voice. Pierre Walker, in his 1995 article, comments â€Å"that the bird still dreams,â€Å" and he has the determination to overcome and make the best of his situation. There is a single focus for Angelou use of alliteration in this poem. She uses the â€Å"s† sound over and over again – â€Å"his shadow shouts on a nightmare scream† (line 15). The â€Å"s† sound creates the feeling of wind, the whispering of tree leaves, the bird is scared but he sings because he can. He cannot fight his nature. He will find freedom anyway he can, and for that bird it is his singing. The use of the rhyme scheme in the quatrain portion of the poem is AAAB. The inflexibility of the first three lines in stanza 3 â€Å"thrill†¦hill†¦shrill† create the perfect path to the true theme of this poem. When the reader expects another word to rhyme it doesn’t, and the quatrain ends with â€Å"freedom. † The same is true for the last stanza, which is a repeat of the first. Liliane Arensberg explains that the rhyme reminds the reader that â€Å"there is always hope, there is always the will to survive and the promise at the end of the tunnel of light (Arensberg 289)† – of freedom. â€Å"I know why the cage bird sings† by Maya Angelou is a very popular poem. Many people find inspiration in her words, and find solace in the hope and determination that bird has. If he can sing, so can the reader. If he can survive so can you. We cannot always choose our lot in life, but we can make the best of it. We can reflect, find out talents, and give those to the world. Maya Angelou presents a very important message to the reader in the form of a very lyrical almost song like poem by using strong imagery of a bird and it’s cage, the pursuit of freedom as a theme, a strong rhyme scheme, and alliteration. Angelou skill as an author cannot easily be missed and neither can her message that we must overcome misfortune and strife to become what we were always meant to be. Works Cited Angelou, Maya. The Complete Collected Poems of Maya Angelou. 1st ed. New York: Random House, 1994. 101. Arensberg, Liliane K. â€Å"Death as Metaphor of Self in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. † College Language Association Journal 20 (1976): 273-91. Walker, Pierre A. â€Å"Racial protest, identity, words and form in Maya Angelou’s ‘I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. ‘. † College Literature 1 Oct 1995. 23 Nov 2005 .

Choosing The Joey s History, One Of The Possible...

Considering the Joey’s history, one of the possible diagnoses is ADHD for Joey. Joey’s hyperactive and inattentive behavioral pattern impairs his social and academic activities. However, Joey’s presenting symptoms do not meet full ADHD criteria. Based on the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2012), he meets following criteria of ADHD. 1-Inattention (Six or more symptoms have to be met, bur Joey meets following two symptoms out of nine) †¢ Often has difficulty organizing task and activities. (Joey is often described as â€Å"off task† and having difficulty returning to school prepared with his materials, and turning his work in the right places.) †¢ Often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in task that require sustained mental effort. (Joey would refuse to school work when he was in kindergarten) Hyperactivity and impulsivity (Six or more symptoms have to be met; Joey meets four symptoms out of nine) †¢ Often runs about or climbs in situation where it is inappropriate †¢ Often unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly †¢ Often ‘on the go’ acting as if ‘driven by a motor †¢ Often talks excessively ADHD was ruled out due to the fact that Joey’s symptoms do not meet the full criteria of ADHD, but if he had not presented ASD symptoms, he might have been diagnosed with other specified attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or unspecified attention-deficit hyperactive

Describe And Evaluate Psychological Research Into Obedience

Describe evaluate psychological research into obedience Obedience is a compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another’s authority (Oxforddictionaries, n.d). Stanley Milgram was an American social psychologist, known for his experiment on obedience. This was taken place in the 1960’s while he was completing his professorship at Yale University (wikipedia.org, 2015). Milgram’s (1963) study of obedience was a laboratory study to investigate how far people will go in obeying authority. The experiment took place at Yale University; this was a year after the trial of Adolf Eichmann. Milgram invented the experiment to find out,Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices? (Milgram, 1974). The experiment involved 40 males aged between 20 and 50 from a range of background’s i.e. Construction workers to Doctors. All participants were from the New Haven area in the United States of America. The subjects had all applied to be involved in the study through a local newspaper advertisement and were paid $4.50(Grahame, 2009). Through a fixed lottery, the subjects were given a role of a teacher and their co-subject, who was an actor, would be the learner. The participants were unaware the roles were fixed until debriefing. The teacher was guided by the experimenter to give the learner a shock each time he answered a question wrong. The teacher was given a sample of a 45Show MoreRelatedDescribe and Evaluate Psychological Research Into Obedience1758 Words   |  8 PagesObedience results from pressure to comply with authority. Children are taught to obey from an early age by their care givers, in order for them to conform in society. The authoritarian rule continues through their education and working life, and is then passed on to the next generation. This essay will focus on the work of the American psychologist Stanley Milgram. It will also look at other studies into obedience that evolved from Milgram’s experiments from the early 1960s. Stanley Milgram isRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Disobedience 1372 Words   |  6 PagesIn Stanley Milgram’s essay, â€Å"Perils of Disobedience†, an experiment was conducted to test an individual’s obedience from authority when conflicting with morally incorrect orders. Following the conclusion of World War Two, Milgram’s essay was published in Harper’s Magazine, which appeals to a national audience and yields an array of content from different contextual backgrounds. As Milgram reports the results of his experiment, he provides descriptive details of many of the subjects and their behaviorsRead MoreHuman Development And Family Relations1556 Words   |  7 Pagesand explain thoughts, emotions and behaviors. 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During these times there were many experiments but three have become quite popular throughout history. These experiments were The MilgramRead MoreOne of the Main Divisions Between Mainstream and Critical Social Psychology Is That of the Methods Adopted. Discuss with Ref erence to the Cognitive Social and at Least One Other Social Psychological Perspective.1698 Words   |  7 Pages Discuss with reference to the cognitive social and at least one other social psychological perspective. Social psychology has existed for about 100 years, before which psychology was a branch of philosophy. Social psychology studies individuals in their social contexts. It is a diverse discipline made up of many theoretical perspectives and variety of different methods are used in social psychological research. This assignment explores the main principles of different methods in socialRead MoreDepression in the Bible1331 Words   |  6 Pagessignificant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal thoughts or an attempt to commit suicide† (Merriam Webster). A close friend of mine battles depression and would describe it is, â€Å"a debilitating mood that makes it hard to get out of the bed in the morning, a desire to sleep all the time, inability to experience joy, and apathy towards life.† Due to its prevalent occurrence among several people groups throughout historyRead MoreExam review for CJ Essay912 Words   |  4 Pagesto research each question as completely as possible. Try to answer these questions as if you are providing information to an individual who knows nothing about each topic. Explain your answers in detail; remember, the more complete your answer is the better your grade will be. 1. 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Topics included under the umbrella of social psychology include: the importance of human relationships and interactions; the impact of social influences, such as group pressures and obedience; developmental and situational considerations of prosocial and antisocial behaviors; and the relationship between our attitudes and beliefs and our behaviors (Lilienfeld, Lynn, Namy Woolf, 2014, p. 496-497). Arguably one of the most essentialRead More16th May EMA tutorial1796 Words   |  10 Pages- 9) ‘Psychological processes that cannot be directly observed’ †¢ Think about the studies and concepts in each of the parts and be prepared to discuss your ideas when you are called back. Module Overview: Part 1 Why people do harm to others? †¢ Exposing the authoritarian personality †¢ Just following orders? †¢ Learning from watching Module Overview: Part 2 What determines human behaviour? †¢ Changing behaviour †¢ Determined to love? †¢ Making friends Module Overview: Part 3 Psychological processes

Alcohol Is The Drug Of Choice Among Youth - 1692 Words

Can a person be too young to become addicted to alcohol and drugs? Or why is age of first use of alcohol is critically important? There are many questions raised on consumption of alcohol when it comes on drinking at early age. Alcohol often has a strong effect on people and throughout history, we have struggled to understand and manage the power of alcohol. However, we hardly think how much alcohol is too much for us, unless we get into any kind of trouble or shows some physical or mental effects on our health. People usually consume alcohol to celebrate, relax and socialize. It is also use as the celebrating drink during any functions or occasions. Drinking patterns often differ when it comes to students drinking on campus. Alcohol s effects may vary from person to person, depending on many factors as, how much or how often you drink? , or what age or in which health status you are drinking? Most probably, alcohol is the drug of choice among youth. Many young people are facin g the consequences of drinking too much at too early age. Drinking under the age of 21 is consider as a social crime as it may lead to criminal behavior, many social issues and other serious health problems. As a result, underage drinking is a leading public health problem in various developing countries. Consumption of alcohol is not a taken as a bigger issue but could be, if you are drinking it in an immoral way. We know that drinking too much can cause manyShow MoreRelatedAlcohol. the Drug of Choice Among Youth1908 Words   |  8 PagesAlcohol is the drug of choice among youth. Many young people are experiencing the consequences of drinking too much, at too early an age. As a result, underage drinking is a leading public health problem in this country. Each year, approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking; this includes about 1,900 deaths from motor vehicle crashes, 1,600 as a result of homicides, 300 from suicide, as well as hundreds from other injuries such as falls, burns, andRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Teenage Drinking725 Words   |  3 Pageslargest social issues among young people in America today. Although more than half of high schoolers drink on a regular basis, the problem is that they are not aware of how dangerous alcohol can be. Although the health risks of heavy drinking are known and understood, the social habit continues to be accepted as a cultural norm. Is it surprising then, that the young people are beginning to drink at school ages. The reality is that alcohol is often the cause of many problems among these teenagers. 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Most times when a juvenile is a high- risk youth and are using drugs, they have usually seen a family member or a close friend doing a drug and want to try. When adolescents become unable to function is when they abuse drugs. If an adolescent is unableRead MoreTeenage Drug Use Of Drugs1560 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth Onyiego 9/27/2014 Sociology 100 Professor Victoria Hoverman Teenage Drug Use In today’s society, one of the common problems among teenagers is the use of drugs. Teen age is probably one of the most challenging periods in life. It is a stage of self identity crisis that leads to great confusion amongst the teens. Belonging and being accepted in a group is very important in the minds of the teens; where many regard the act as cool. During these years of growth, teenagers encounter their shareRead MoreTopic On Alcopops And Teen Binge Drinking1338 Words   |  6 Pagesamounts of alcohol for the purpose of getting drunk. 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Starting The Usage of Drugs AccordingRead MoreEducation Is An Integral Part Of A Child s Upbringing785 Words   |  4 Pagesis a management strategy aimed at reducing aggressive, disruptive classroom behavior, a risk factor for adolescent and illicit drug abuse (SAMHSA, 2016). Similarly the focus group participants mentioned that Academia Education from K-12 grade needs to incorporate evidence-based programs in the academic curriculum in addressing alcohol and other drug use among the youth. NH young adults emphasized the importance of introducing substance misuse education in early school age from elementary while strengtheningRead MoreComparing Music Genres With Drug Abuse Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesGenres with Drug Abuse Researchers have conducted different researchers aimed at investigating the relationship between illicit drug use and specific music genres. 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International HRM for Intercultural Communication- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInternational HRM for Intercultural Communication Studies. Answer: The primary aim of this paper is to provide a brief overview about the culture shock. The paper explains how culture shock influences profitability and image of the company. Telstra has been chosen in the task which is one of biggest telecommunication corporation which renders internet and media services to its customers across the world. In todays era, the firm is maximizing its revenue and returns effectively. On the other hand, the paper explains that how Telstra manages and controls the culture shock in foreign country. Culture may be defined as the sum total of the beliefs, rules, institutions, techniques artifacts which are characterized by the human populations. Culture plays a significant role in each and every organization. On the other hand, cultural shock is the feeling of insecurity, disorientation and even anxiety that results from being constantly in a new and experiencing an unfamiliar culture (Rubera Kirca, 2012). Changes in technology, language differences, and changes in routine and evaluative and emotional disorientation are the main causes of cultural shock. Cultural shock affects image and financial position of the firm adversely. To gain success and growth in the competitive environment, the firm needs to focus different cultural environment. Furthermore, culture shock may arise from a persons unfamiliarity with local customs, acceptable behavior and languages in the firm (Wang, Su Yang, 2011). Lets talk about an organizational example; Telstra is a dynamic example which manages culture shock effectively and efficiently. Telstra is an Australian telecommunications and media corporation which provides market voice, internet access, networks and mobile services to the customers across the world (Telstra, 2018). The company was incorporated in 1st July 1975 with its headquarter is located in Melbourne, Australia. The firm provides around 17.6 million mobile services to its customers in the world. The main aim of the organization is to provide unique and effective telecommunication services to its customers in the market. Along with this, Telstra also wants to create a brilliant connected future for people (Telstra, 2018). Human resource management of Telstra is very effective and dynamic which helps to make unique strategies and policies for the firm. HRM is the backbone of the company to manage the business activities and operations quickly. Furthermore, HRM plays a crucial r ole in managing and controlling the employees effectively. In addition, various unique functions are performed by the HRM in the organization which helps to conduct companys business activities effectively. There are enormous issues which faced by the HR department of Telstra. Culture shock is one of biggest issues that are dealt by HRM within the organization. Culture shock affects the productivity and outcomes of the firm as it also increases absenteeism and employee turnover in the firm. Various policies and strategies are made by human resource department to manage and control culture shock that has been detailed below. Give them a buddy and mentor: A well educated and experienced buddy and mentor should be appointed by human resource management for new joinees. A buddy and mentor monitor and evaluate the performance and productivity of new applicants in the firm. Telstra is a multinational telecommunication and media company therefore skilled and experienced employees are needed in the organization. Mentor and buddy also provide training to new workers for doing task and duties efficiently. It will also help to minimize the cultural differences among the new workers. The mentor and buddy will help to workers to familiarize with current projects, coworkers, policies and office hangout places. Effective recruitment and selection process: It is one of the vital functions of HRM which is performed by HR executives and HR managers. Effective recruitment and selection process must be conducted by the HRM to recruit potential and skilled candidates in the marketplace. Potential and skilled workers can easily understand the culture of foreign country therefore, it will reduce culture shock (Reiche Harzing, 2011). Familiarize with office terms: Human resource department is significant department of Telstra which helps to make effective and unique policies, strategies and plans in the firm. Human resource management should use various policies and strategies to familiarize the office terms and rules with employees. It will help to create a good working environment in the workplace therefore, employees will start to do work effectively. Create a fun packet: A positive feeling on the first day will surely give a push to the new workers for a long term reciprocal relationship with the employees. HRM should assemble and accumulate a fun packet for employees; the fun packet includes coffee mugs, photo frames, artistic calendar, decorative plants and office stationary. In this way, Telstra can reduce and eliminate cross cultural differences within the organization. It is an effective way to overcome the competitors in the global market. Training and development programs: Training and development programs shall be conducted by HRM to identify and measure the causes of culture shock. Training and development programs help to identify and understand the languages, values, customs and beliefs of foreign countries. If Telstra provides training and development coaching to the expatriates then culture shock issues will not arise at the workplace. Along with this, induction programs are also held by human resource management in the firm to increase knowledge and experience of the workers. In this way, Telstra can overcome on the cross cultural issues in the workplace (Ko Yang, 2011). Keep a positive attitude: It is an effective way to cope with culture shock in the organization. If the firm starts its business operations and activities in foreign country, the employees keep positive attitudes towards foreign culture. It will help to analyze and measure the climate of foreign country. Before starting a new business in foreign country, the company evaluates and analyzes the climate and working environment of the foreign country. It will also help to make good and favorable working environment within the organization (Podsiadlowski, Grschke, Kogler, Springer Van Der Zee, 2013). Good relationship: The managers and leaders should build and develop reciprocal relationship with their coworkers and expatriates to minimize culture shock and to maintain favorable culture in the workplace. The managers should ask questions with workers related to working environment and culture (Lin, Chen Song, 2012). It will help to find barriers and hurdles which rise at the workplace. Effective and dynamic relationship will also enhance and increase confidence, morale and trust of the employees. Along with this, HRM should appoint a supervisor to provide support for the workers. All these policies are made by the HRM for the welfare of the workers. Furthermore, these practices and policies also help to overcome on the cross cultural issues in the organization (Bardhan Weaver, 2011). Along with this, Telstra uses hostede cross cultural dimension model to reduce and cope with the cross cultural issues. This model plays a vital role in cross cultural management (Shi Wang, 2011). On the above mentioned aforesaid events, it has been evaluated that culture shock is one of the significant issues in Telstra which could influence the success and growth of the firm. Therefore, the company needs to focus on the culture shock to maximize profitability and minimize risks and challenges of the foreign market. Effective and unique measures are taken by the human resource management to manage culture shock at the workplace. Along with this, HRM should make effective and dynamic plans, policies and strategies to handle the culture shock within the organization. References Bardhan, N., Weaver, C. K. (Eds.). (2011).Public relations in global cultural contexts: Multi-paradigmatic perspectives. Routledge. Ko, H. C., Yang, M. L. (2011). The effects of cross-cultural training on expatriate assignments.Intercultural Communication Studies,20(1). Lin, Y. C., Chen, A. S. Y., Song, Y. C. (2012). Does your intelligence help to survive in a foreign jungle? The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on cross-cultural adjustment.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,36(4), 541-552. Podsiadlowski, A., Grschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C., Van Der Zee, K. (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,37(2), 159-175. Reiche, B. S., Harzing, A. W. (2011). International assignments.International human resource management,3, 185-226. Rubera, G., Kirca, A. H. (2012). Firm innovativeness and its performance outcomes: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration.Journal of Marketing,76(3), 130-147. Shi, X., Wang, J. (2011). Interpreting hofstede model and globe model: which way to go for cross-cultural research?.International journal of business and management,6(5), 93. Telstra. (2018). Good value, great service [Online].Available at https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/our-company/supplying-to-telstra[Accessed as on 1st April 2018]. Telstra.(2018). Our company [Online]. Available at https://www.telstra.com.au/aboutus/our-company/supplying-to-telstra [Accessed as on 1st April 2018]. Wang, D., Su, Z., Yang, D. (2011). Organizational culture and knowledge creation capability.Journal of knowledge management,15(3), 363-373.

Roman Military Essays - Military Of Ancient Rome, Roman Legion

Roman Military Roman Military The Roman army was one of the greatest forces of all times. The Roman army ,at its finest point, was nearly inconquerable. This was due to the discipline of the soldiers, the hard and effective training of the soldiers, the speed at wich new tactics were learned, and to theorganization of the soldiers. From early times right down to the 3rd century A.D, the Roman army was based on its legions. A legion varied in strength from four-thousand to six-thousand men, and was subdivided onto ten cohorts. Its leader used the title of legatus. His staff officers were called tribuni. Senior non-commissioned officers were called centurions, who varied greatly in rank. The soldiers of the legion were picked men: They were all Roman citizens and received a higher pay than the auxillary troops ,that is, foreigners who serve with the Roman army. A legion consisited of heavily armoured infantry foot soldiers. The Roman infantry became a feared force, well disciplined and well trained. Their weapons were two javelins each and a short thrustingsword. Cavalry was supplied by the auxilaries ,second line troops, and was organised mainly in units of 500 men. When it was on campaigns the army was accompanied by a number of 7 specialists. One was the camp commandant, who was responsible for the organisation of the camp. The Romans were very careful about their camps. No Roman army halted for a single night without digging a trenches and fortifying its camp. Each soldier took his share in establishing the camp and striking the camp the next day. Another specialist was the quaestor, whose duty was to look after all the money matter. then there were the engineers and all kinds of craftsmen and artisans. They were responsible for siege operations and for the rather primative Roman"artillery", which consisted of big catapults and complicated machines a little like crossbows. These were mainly used for hurling big rocks and stones at the walls of a defence place. The engineers also had to build the moveable towers that were used in sieges. The Roman soldiers went up inside these towers so that they could see over the walls of a fortified place and shoot their stones and arrows into it. The engineers also made the scaling ladders that were used for getting over walls.